{"id":4166,"date":"2023-03-16T16:19:02","date_gmt":"2023-03-16T15:19:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/?p=4166"},"modified":"2023-07-05T11:01:22","modified_gmt":"2023-07-05T09:01:22","slug":"plagiarism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/plagiarism\/","title":{"rendered":"Plagiarism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Definition<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales<\/a> gives a fairly complete definition of plagiarism: “Borrowing from an original work, and, by metonymy,<\/em> from its author, elements or fragments of which one abusively claims authorship by reproducing them, with more or less fidelity, in a work that one presents as personal. Synonyms: to copy, to plunder, to pirate<\/em>“<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plagiarism is therefore a theft, of text, of ideas… accompanied by an infringement. It concerns any intellectual work: texts, of course, but also images, works of art, software, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Different types of plagiarism<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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When you think about plagiarism, you immediately imagine the reproduction of a text without citing the references. However, there are many more variations on plagiarism than you might think. The Universit\u00e9 de Lyon gives some examples in its bestiary<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, CC-BY-NC-SA<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n Borrowing without citing the original work<\/strong>\n <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

This is the type of plagiarism that people usually think of first. Someone borrows a text or a fragment of text from an author and fails to cite the original work. Copying texts can take different forms: exact copying, copying of extracts, paraphrasing, use of synonyms, etc. On this subject, The Plagiarism Spectrum<\/a><\/a> presents examples of 10 types of plagiarism by comparing plagiarists’ texts with the original works, thus identifying the diversity of the problem and the difficulty of avoiding and recognising it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Borrowing may concern the text itself but also the ideas. Thus, taking ideas without attributing them to their creator is plagiarism, as well as taking the structure of a work. This is why the pure and simple paraphrase of a work is considered an infringement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moreover, plagiarism does not stop at language. Translating a text without quoting the original work is also plagiarism. In case of translation, the references of the original text and the name of the translator should be indicated. In addition, a publisher has rights to the published text. In the case of a translation project, you should not forget to ask for his agreement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aggregation of cited texts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Another form of plagiarism, more often ignored, is the aggregation of cited texts without any personal additions, the whole being of course signed by the plagiarist as an original text.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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“Puzzle<\/a>” by ellajphillips<\/a>, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Self-plagiarism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Presenting the same text several times in different courses, conferences, journals, etc. is considered plagiarism, even if it is not, in this case, theft from others. It is therefore more a question of research ethics: self-plagiarism denies the reader access to the source text and presents reused data as original.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n False and misquoted quotes<\/strong>\n <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Another form of plagiarism is the use of false or misleading quotes. Once again, the question of research ethics arises: this is more a question of falsifying data than of counterfeiting. The author of the text supports his thinking with evidence that does not exist or is twisted to serve his own ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consequences<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Intellectual<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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“Fraud Key<\/a>” by Got Credit, CC BY 2.0<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Plagiarism is counterfeiting, even fraud. In the case of scientific publishing, if plagiarism is discovered in a published article, the journal has the possibility to retract an article. This withdrawal is accompanied by a withdrawal notice explaining the reasons for the journal’s decision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plagiarism thus calls into question the ethics of research and discredits not only the plagiarist, but also the entire team that participated in the development of the offending research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Furthermore, as Yaroslav Pigenet points out in the article Fraude : mais que fait la recherche ?<\/a><\/em> : from a strictly scientific point of view, the worst consequence of fraud is the uncertainty and doubt it casts on the body of knowledge acquired through research. A doubt whose repercussions are not only epistemological, but also affect society as a whole.<\/a>. Thus, plagiarism and fraud are seen as serious dangers in a society where science is increasingly questioned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Economical<\/strong>\n <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Plagiarism also has economic consequences. Since it is becoming easier and easier to copy texts with a click of the mouse, to edit images or videos with a simple free application on one’s phone… institutions are obliged to equip themselves with expensive anti-plagiarism software. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moreover, in cases of suspected plagiarism, universities incur lawyers’ fees, organise commissions, which represent a significant cost in time and money.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n Sanctions<\/strong>\n <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In case of proven infringement, the plagiarist risks academic and penal sanctions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Academic sanctions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Universities have adopted anti-plagiarism guidelines. These define plagiarism and the sanctions applied. These can range from a reprimand to permanent exclusion depending on the seriousness of the fraud. The institution may also decide to invalidate the award of a degree.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Code de l’\u00c9ducation<\/a>, notably in articles R811-10 to R811-42, provides a framework for disciplinary procedures in public higher education institutions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Criminal sanctions<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Plagiarism is punishable as an infringement under the Code de la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle<\/a><\/a>. Articles L335-2 and L335-3 of the latter state that, in France, counterfeiting of works published in France or abroad is punishable by three years’ imprisonment and a fine of 300,000 euros. <\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Test your knowledge!<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Quebec University Network offers a quiz to test your knowledge of plagiarism: http:\/\/ptc.uquebec.ca\/pdci\/eviter-le-plagiat<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the same page, the site proposes 3 scenarios: a student must write an article on such and such a subject, he has found such and such a source, he has written this… is it plagiarism? If so, what should they do to avoid plagiarism? etc…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The University of Angers also offers a quiz: https:\/\/www.univ-angers.fr\/fr\/vous-etes\/etudiant-e\/examens\/plagiat\/quizz.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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For more information<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Directory of anti-plagiarism tools:https:\/\/cursus.edu\/fr\/15876\/repertoire-des-outils-anti-plagiat-prevention-et-detection<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Plagiarism Spectrum: Instructor Insights into the 10 Types of Plagiarism <\/em>: https:\/\/www.ed.ac.uk\/files\/atoms\/files\/10-types-of-plagiarism.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Case study on the Responsable<\/em> website of the University of Geneva: https:\/\/www.responsable-unige.ch\/top\/les-cas-ecole\/duplicate-of-merci-le-web.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The website of IRAFPA, Institute for Research and Action on Academic Fraud and Plagiarism, and in particular the Quick cases<\/em> : https:\/\/irafpa.org\/methodes\/notre-methode-des-cas\/mini-cas-contextuels\/#<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A study of the risks involved in plagiarism: https:\/\/www.compilatio.net\/blog\/plagiat-etudes-risques<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brigitte Simonnot. Le plagiat universitaire,seulement une question d\u2019\u00e9thique ?<\/em> https:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/questionsdecommunication\/9304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

COMETS. R\u00e9flexion \u00e9thique sur le plagiat dans la recherche scientifique<\/em> : https:\/\/comite-ethique.cnrs.fr\/avis-du-comets-reflexion-ethique-sur-le-plagiat-dans-la-recherche-scientifique\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\n <\/a>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When you think about plagiarism, you immediately imagine the reproduction of a text without citing the references. However, there are many more variations on plagiarism than you might think.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":3488,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[89,84],"tags":[100,124],"class_list":{"0":"post-4166","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-ethics-and-research","8":"category-toolbox","9":"tag-ethics","10":"tag-intellectual-property"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4166"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4166\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4534,"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4166\/revisions\/4534"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3488"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.centre-mersenne.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}